How close is a full-blown global cyber war after Russia's attack on Ukraine?

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Cyber warfare is waged with stealth. Bullets and bombs take the form of malware and spurious information requests in a distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack to take down computers. It is hard to tell who the threat actors are.

the disruption they cause is designed to intimidate and undermine and is not an end to itself

Warring nations could shut down each other's power grids and other essential services, and interfere with the safe operations of critical infrastructure such as dams and nuclear power plants.

Disinformation campaigns and fake news such as the ones said to be funded by Russia to sway votes in the 2016 US presidential election is another type of cyber warfare that is no less insidious.

Vigilante attacks in either direction increase the fog of war and generate confusion and uncertainty for everyone